How do we objectively measure scientific output? What proportion of economic output should a society devote to research and development? How can public-sector and private-sector research best be directed to achieve social goals?Governments and researchers from industrial countries have been measuring science and technology for more than seventy years. This book provides the first comprehensive account of the attempts to measure science and technology output in Western countries and the successes and shortcomings of historical weighing systems.Godin guides readers through the historical moments that led to the development of statistics on science and technology and also examines the socio-political dynamics behind social measurement.This enlightening account will be of interest to students and academics investigating science measurement as well as policy makers working in this burgeoning field. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved.